1

The suppression of the political uprising in Hungary and the ‘Prague Spring’ of 1968–69, which saw many refugees fleeing to Western countries.

2

Bilateral agreements with countries in Southern and South-Eastern Europe (Turkey, the former Yugoslavia, Germany, Austria and Switzerland), the era of the so-called “guest workers”

3

The first significant wave of immigration in Greece, which began with the return of emigrants.

4

The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but interlinked ethnic conflicts in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. The country broke up into six independent states.

5

Following the collapse of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe and the USSR, Greece transformed from a country of emigration into a country of immigration that was ill-prepared for the influx.

6

Labour migration from post-Soviet / Eastern European countries. Agricultural workers from North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa (2000s–2010s)

7

Opening up the Irish labour market to new EU Member States (such as Poland and Lithuania).

8

A significant influx of asylum seekers and migrants fleeing conflict zones in the Middle East, Asia and Africa – the so-called ‘refugee crisis’

9

Russian invasion of Ukraine; Refugees from Ukraine (2022–present)

10

Newest geopolitical conflicts and wars that cause displacement